Essay on The Lottery and What A Thought -- Shirley Jackson Lottery Ess

Comparing The draft and What A Thought The short stories I move over chosen were The Lottery and What A Thought by Shirley Jackson. Shirley Jackson is considered a morbid writer due to the fact that she writes her stories with the intent to shock her readers into comprehend the truth behind human nature. Her tame deals with an evil presence in everyday life. The Lottery is a chilling tale of an everyday townsfolk and their annual lottery. It shows how cruel a town can be in protecting their tradition and rituals and how not even friendship matters. The second, being engraft in a collection of 50 short stories found later on Jacksons death, shows how quickly a married woman of many years can hug drug on her preserve without warning. both(prenominal) stories contained strong imagery and foreshadowing events guide up to the climax. The Lottery was written shortly after World warfare II, however it is unknown as to when Jackson wrote What A Thought. The Lottery a nd What A Thought follow Shirley Jacksons usual scheme of shock value. Both stories show of how quickly, no matter what length of time people get under ones skin coincided together and bonded together, one can turn on another. The Lottery showed of how a small everyday town will do anything to hold their handed-down values. The town believed that they had to make a human sacrifice to the land in order to have good crops. Therefore every year they held a lottery to find out who the sacrifice would be. In the story What A Thought a husband who would do absolutely anything to keep his wife happy was brutally killed just because that is the way his wife felt on that day. These are things that tie in... ...mmer is associated with life, not death. In What A Thought the husband is almost perfect. Who would ever want to kill the perfect husband? well(p) mo manpowerts before the terrible thoughts the wife was feeling pride for her husband who never did things like sleep after dinner as most men do. How her husband would do anything for her and yet without wanting to kill him, she had the longing to do so. Shirley Jackson definitely can prove a point. She uses great foreshadowing, ridicule and symbolism shown in both of these stories. Her style is unique to other writers besides does not differ much within her own writings. The Lottery and What A Thought were very good selections for me to chose because they held great meaning behind sulky story lines. I look forward to reading more of her work and researching her character.

Sealed Air Company Hbs Case

For the easy lay office of M. HUSSAIN Harvard Business School 9-582-103 Rev. September 24, 1985 so apply oxygenize Corporation The ch assembly lineman and chief executive officer of blotto tonal pattern Corporation, T. J. Dermot Dunphy, explained the slosheds 25% average annual harvest-feast in pass gross gross revenue and net earnings from 1971 to 1980 The comp eithers history has been characterized by technical foul accomplishment and mart lead. During the last(a) 10 years we built on our development of the s fire-off closed-cell, lightweight soften significant, introduced the rootage spume-in-place promotion system, and steered the first complete solar heating system for swimming pools.We intend to tot up the same management guidelines in the 1980s. We intend to seek trade leadership because market leadership optimizes profit, and foster technological leadership because it is the that long guarantee of market leadership. In July 1981 Barrett Hauser, r eturn manager of blind drunk denudes business Cellular Products, was reflecting on Dunphys management doctrine as he considered how blotto circularize should respond to or so unanticipated competition in the cautionary encase market.As harvest-time manager, Hauser was responsible for the closed-cell, light-weight buffer squ be that Dunphy had mentioned. pissed denudates registered trademark name for this product was argumentCap. 1 nimbusCap buffer materials had always faced a variety coming into court of competitors in the tutelary packaging market. More recently, however, several sm in all regional producers had invented near sealed activates manufacturing process app arnt(a)s and begun to market cheap imitations of ancestryCap in the fall in States. nisusCap cushion and Its Competitors picnicCap padding was a clear, laminated plastic sheet containing line of merchandise smatters of uniform size (see evidence 1). The feature that differentiated melo dyCap cushion from all a nonher(prenominal) card-house products was its barricade-coating each placeCap breathe was coat on the privileged with saran. This greatly profitd air retention, meaning little compression of the material during shipment and, consequently, better trade protection. Barrier-coating and its customer benefits had been the central theme of plastered halos railway lineCap buffer merchandising effort for 10 years. Sealed aureole, AirCap, and Instapak atomic number 18 registered trademarks of Sealed Air Corporation. solar Pool Blanket is a TM trademark of the same corporation. Robert J. Dolan, associate professor, prepared this case as the soil for class discussion rather than to illust regularise either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Certain nonpublic data dumbfound been disguised. Copyright 1982 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request authorization to reproduce materials, abuse 1-800-545-7685 or write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a convalescence system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School. 1 This document is veritable for use just by Md. Saquib Hussain in merchandise ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the unshared use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Between 1971 and 1980 Sealed Air and Astro promotional material of Hawthorne, juvenile Jersey, were the still air bubble packaging material producers in the join States.Sealed Air licensed Astro to use Sealed Airs secure technology. Astro produced deuce types of bubbles a barrier bubble similar to AirCap,2 and an un surface bubble. Its gross gross gross gross revenue were split near evenly between the two. In 1980 Astros t otal U. S. sales were nigh $10. 5 million, compared with $25. 35 million in U. S. sales for AirCap cushioning. Sealed Airs market education had made customers sensitive of the advantages of coated bubbles consequently, uncoated bubbles had never get hold ofd greater than a 15% one long horse bill share of the U.S. market before 1980. In July 1981 uncoated bubble trading operations were being set up in Ohio, California, and untried York. GAFCEL, which served the metropolitan New York market, was the only competitor yet to achieve significant sales volume. 2 GAFCEL salespeopleone full clipping, the other approximately half timehad reached a $1 million annual sales rate. Several of AirCaps distributers had dumbfoundn on the GAFCEL line. Hauser was preparing to recommend Sealed Airs reaction to these slightly unanticipated competitors.The unanimous could produce an uncoated bubble as stingily as GAFCEL indoors a month with no study uppercase investment it could ru n on machines used for a nonher Sealed Air product. If Hauser were to recommend that the historic champion of barrier-coating offer an uncoated bubble, he would bemuse to secure timing, the merchandising program for the sassy product, and any adjustments in policies for AirCap cushioning and Sealed Airs other products. As Hauser thought about his options, he again flipped through the training manual recently distributed to Sealed Airs sales force How to Sell against Uncoated cardhouses. The safety-related(p) Packaging Market The three major use segments of the safety-related packaging market were 1. Positioning, blocking, and bracing These protective materials had to secure large, heavy, usually semirugged items in a container. Typical applications included shipment of motors and computer peripherals. 2. pliant wraps These materials came under less pressure per squarely foot. Applications included glassware, small spare parts, and light medical checkup instruments. 3. Void consider These materials were added to prevent movement during exaltation when an item and its protective wrap (if any) did non fill its carton.The positioning, blocking, and bracing market was eccentric because of the heavier weights of items shipped. Flexible wrap and void fill were sometimes hard to separate because it was comfortable to use the same product for both black markets. The key distinction was that clean fills (for instance, polystyrene beads) dominated the void fill market but provided no cushioning protection and, hence, did not qualify as flexible wrap. Until 1970 well-nigh materials used for protective packaging were produced generally for other purposes. Heavy, root-establish products had dominated the market. Sealed Air was one of the first Astros barrier bubble and the AirCap bubble differed in both manufacturing process and coating material. Astro used nylon rather than saran. The basic mentation of reinforcing the polyethylene bubbles to improve a ir retention was, however, the same. 2 This document is authorised for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in selling ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the goop use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 companies to approach the market with a customer orientation, i. e. , it began product development with an assessment of packagers postulate.Since then a variety of products limitedally designed for protective packaging had appeared. Sealed Air served these markets with two products 1. Instapak froth-in-place systems (1980 worldwide sales of $38. 8 million) could accommodate any application, though their most advantageous use was for heavy items. In this process two liquid state chemicals were pumped into a shipping container. The chemicals rapidly expanded to form a foam cushion around the product. Instapaks comparative advantage resulted in a majority of applications in positioning, blocking, and bracing. . AirCap bubbles (1980 worldwi de sales of $34. 3 million) primarily served the flexible wrap and void fill markets. In addition to coated and uncoated polyethylene air bubbles, there were two major competitors in these markets typography-based products (cellulose compact, single-face fold up, and indented kraft), and foams (polyurethane, polypropylene, and polyethylene). An excerpt from an AirCap promotional brochure in endanger 2 shows how Sealed Air positioned AirCap as a represent-effective substitute for these competitive products and well-situated fills.The brochure first pointed out the bell savings from AirCap cushioning, then presented results of fag and schoolmaster ponderousness retention examinations to demonstrate AirCaps protective choiceity. record 3 compares products competitive with AirCap cushioning and Exhibit 4 gives their U. S. Iist costs, which represent congener costs for any order size from an end user. Quantity discounts were offered on all materials. Buying Influences The proliferation of packaging products and the lack of easily demonstrable oecumenic superiority caused confusion among end users.For example, products such as pewter mugs were shipped around the United States in AirCap cushioning, Astro coated bubbles, or even old newspapers. Users were a vary lot. Some bought on a scientific price/performance primer coat. They silent cushioning curves such as those in Exhibit 5. Sealed Air could provide independently measured cushioning curves for competitive products as well as its own. Regardless, many firms did their own testing. At the other end of the spectrum were firms with a purchasing-department wit, as some packaging materials suppliers put it.Price per square foot was their first consideration, delivery their second. As one Sealed Air executive commented, To these people, cushioning curves are like accounting numbers. They think you can make them differentiate anything you want. There were no systematically collected data on the g et process or the extent to which price dominated performance in the purchase decision. Based on his experience as a dominion sales manager and now product manager, Hauser guessed that a packaging engineer influenced about 40% of the material purchase decisions. 3 This document is clear for use only by Md.Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation The U. S. Market In 1980, dollar sales by segment in the U. S. protective packaging market were Positioning, blocking, and bracing $585 million Flexible wrap $126 million Void fill $15. 6 million Exhibit 6 breaks down total sales for the flexible wrap market by product type for 1975, 1978, and 1980. AirCap cushioning annual sales in the United States since 1972 were Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Gross sales (in millions) $7. 10. 0 13. 0 12. 8 14. 6 Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 Gross gross sales (in millions) $16. 4 18 . 4 21. 2 25. 3 Despite the high cost of coated bubbles relative to the uncoated product, Sealed Air had kept most of the U. S. air bubble market. Key factors were Sealed Airs patent protection and licensing of only one competitor, extensive market education, and the packaging mentality in the United States. Packaging engineers enjoyed a status in U. S. organizations not accorded them elsewhere. Packaging supplies were viewed as a productive, cost-saving resource.In contrast, recent research by Sealed Air indicated that many European firms viewed packaging supplies as expendable commodities. The European Market Sealed Air had manufacturing operations in England and France and a sales organization in Germany. 3 It was the only company selling a coated product in these countries. sales figures for 1980 were Country England France Germany chalk up ruffle Sales $3,649,000 4,480,000 7,688,000 AirCap Sales $2,488,500 592,200 404,600 3 The firm alike had a manufacturing ease in Canad a and a sales organization in Japan.Sealed Air licensees operated manufacturing facilities in Australia, Mexico, South Africa, and Spain. 4 This document is true for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 display board A Differing stigmas of AirCap soften Bubble Heights SB SC ST SD 1 8 / in. high, used for surface protection when cushioning requirements were minimal. 3/16 in. high, used primarily for wrapping small, intricate items, possibly for larger items if not very fragile. 5 16 / in. igh, used in same kinds of applications as SC club, except with slightly greater cushioning requirements. Also used as a void fill. / in. high, used for large, heavy, or fragile items or as a void fill. 1 2 Plastic impression ponderousnesses Light transaction (110) each forge of consume was 1 mil (1/1,000 of an inch) thick used for light haemorrh oid. Regular duty (120) one layer of 1 mil and one layer of 2 mils for loads up to 50 lbs. per sq. ft. Heavy duty (240) one layer of 2 mils and one of 4 mils for loads up to 100 lbs. per sq. ft. superior duty (480) one layer of 4 mils and one of 8 for loads over 100 lbs. er sq. ft. England. Sealed Air had developed the protective packaging market here and had good distribution. Later on, Sansetsu, a Japanese firm, began marketing a high-quality uncoated product made in Germany. Prices for the uncoated bubble were 50% less than the cost of comparably sized AirCap cushioning. Sansetsu and other uncoated bubble manufacturers had chipped away at Sealed Airs one-time 90% market share. The most pessimistic Sealed Air electrical distributors estimated that the firm would lose 50% of its current market share to uncoated bubbles within three years. France.Here, Sealed Air owned an uncoated bubble manufacturer SIBCO, with sales of $750,000 in 1980. In 1972 SIBCO was the only marketer of un coated bubbles in France. Two major competitors, one with superior production facilities, had entered the market. Uncoated bubbles were priced about 40% lower than AirCap, and price was the key buying determinant. The major French distributor of AirCap cushioning had a 50-50 mix of coated and uncoated sales in 1978. In 1980 the mix had changed to 70-30 (uncoated over coated), with 90% of new bubble applications being uncoated. Germany.AirCap cushioning was a late entrant (1973) to the German market and never held commanding share. Moreover, from 1978 to 1980, it had lost share at a rate of 20% to 30% per year. Sansetsu had an good manufacturing facility in Germany and sold approximately $6 million of uncoated product in 1980. (The price for uncoated was about 35% less than for coated. ) AirCap Cushioning clans and Sales AirCap cushioning grades differed in bubble bloom and oppressiveness of the plastic scoots. Bubble heights were designated by a letter code, and the plastic fil ms came in quartet onerousnesses (see board A).Sealed Air produced eight different height/thickness combinations (see Table B). Some of the cognise end uses for each grade are shown in Exhibit 7. 5 This document is sure for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Table B Eight Different Height/Thicknesses by Sealed Air Thickness Height (inches) SB-1 8 110 X 120 X X X 240 X X X 480 / SC-3/16 ST-5 16 SD-1 2 / / X Table C AirCap Sales by Grade Sales in 1,000 Square Feet Grade 1/8 in.SB-110 3/16 in. SC-120 SC-240 5/16 in. ST-120 ST-240 1/2 in. SD-120 SD-240 SD-480 make sense sales JulyDecember 1979 59,128 76,349 5,036 31,912 4,369 44,252 25,202 3,138 249,386 JanuaryJune1980 48,513 81,014 4,426 42,234 3,914 43,624 21,799 1,358 246,882 Note In addition, because SB-110 could not compete in price against foams for many surface protection applicati ons, Sealed Air introduced an A-100 grade in January 1980. The A-100 bubble was 3/32 in. highthe shortest coated bubble Sealed Air could make with available technology. January to June 1980 sales of A-100 were 17,802,000 sq. ft.Sales by grade for the last six months of 1979 and the first six months of 1980 are shown in Table C. set All AirCap cushioning was sold through distributors. Prices reflected Sealed Airs costs and the prices of competitive products. Variable costs and prices to the distributor are shown in Table D. Sealed Airs suggested resale price list is shown in Exhibit 8. Largely because of its selective distribution policy, distributors generally followed this list. The price agendum entailed quantity discounts for end users. Thus, distributor moldings varied with the size of the customers individual order. Quantity price was determined by the total square footage of a single order, combining all grades, ordered for shipment at one time to a single destination. ) In some major metropolitan areas, up to 50% of AirCap business was truckload/ machine orders by end users. In this event Sealed Air shipped the material from its plant this instant to the end user the distributor received a 10% margin and handled user credit and technical service. In some markets the percentage of direct shipments was as low as 10%. 6 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? al taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Selling exploit Sealed Airs U. S. operation consisted of 7 regional manufacturing operations, 62 salespeople (each selling AirCap cushioning, Instapak, and other Sealed Air products), and 370 distributors. To control the shipping cost of its bulky product, Sealed Air had regional manufacturing operations in three eastern states, Ohio, Illinois, Texas, and California. The regional presence, however, had proven to be an effective sales promotion device as well.Table D AirCap Variable exists and Distributor Prices (in dollars per 1,000 sq. ft. ) (1) Total Variable monetary value $13. 78 16. 01 20. 56 32. 47 30. 65 38. 12 36. 31 44. 45 70. 81 (2) Price to Distributor for Truckload Deliverya $20. 60 30. 25 43. 50 56. 30 51. 40 65. 35 65. 35 78. 60 140. 90 (2) (1) Sealed Air Dollar Margin $6. 82 14. 24 22. 94 23. 83 20. 75 27. 23 29. 04 34. 15 70. 09 Grade A-100 (3/32 in. ) SB-110 (1/8 in. ) SC-120 (3/16 in. ) SC-240 (3/16 in. ) ST-120 (5/16 in. ) ST-240 (5/16 in. ) SD-120 (1/2 in. ) SD-240 (1/2 in. ) SD-480 (1/2 in. ) Manufacturing $12. 46 14. 02 17. 92 29. 83 25. 36 32. 83 28. 38 36. 52 62. 88Freight $1. 32 1. 99 2. 64 2. 64 5. 29 5. 29 7. 93 7. 93 7. 93 a Less than truckload shipments were priced 15% to 20% higher(prenominal). Consequently, distributors near always ordered in truckload quantities. They were allowed to mix grades within an order. Depending on the grade ordered, a truckload could contain 70, 000 sq. ft. (all SD-480) to 420,000 sq. ft. (all A-100). Before Instapak was acquired in 1976, 28 salespeople devoted 90% of their time to AirCap cushioning products. In 1981 the 62-person force was expected to allocate time as follows 60% to Instapak systems, 35% to AirCap cushioning, and 5% to other Sealed Air products. Exhibit 9 shows Sealed Air sales by product line and other financial data. ) Part of Sealed Airs market share leadership philosophy was a consultative selling approach. Salespeople spent about half their time making cost studies at end-user locations. With the help of Sealed Airs packaging labs, salespeople attempted to show how their products could save on material and poke cost and reduce defile in the end users particular situation. Distributors salespeople took orders on AirCap cushioning but did little to demonstrate AirCap use and application to customers.If a distributors salesperson identified a potential AirCap account, he or she would inform the Sealed Air salesperson and a joint call would be arranged. In this way the potential account learned about the product and ordering procedures simultaneously. Distributors sometimes complained to Sealed Air about the aim of AirCap selling effort. Since distributors margins on AirCap cushioning were generally higher than the 10% to 12% for Instapak sales, distributors were not happy with Sealed Airs greater allocation of salesperson time to Instapak.Some distributors said they would be nub if the salesperson in their area really allocated 35% to AirCap some claimed the literal AirCap selling effort amounted to only 20%. Instapaks sales growth had been impressive, but some Sealed Air executives felt this had cost them some distributor satisfaction. Both distributors and end users regarded Sealed Airs salespeople as among the go around trained and most knowledgeable in the packaging industry. Sales force salaries were above average. They were composed of a base salary sum commissions of 2% on net AirCap sales and 1% on net sales of all other products, including Instapak. As an added incentive Sealed Air gave salespeople $75 for each Instapak dispenser placed. It took back $75 for each one removed. ) In a typical week a salesperson called on 20 end users and checked in with two or three distributors. 7 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation U. S. Distributors During the mid-seventies Sealed Air invested heavily in developing a selected distributor network. The firm had 370 distributors by 1980.Sealed Air considered 135 of these their first-line distributors because they collectively handled over 80% of its business. The 20 largest AirCap distributors handled about 35% of the business. Larger distributors typically carried both Instapak foam-in-place and AirCap cushioning. The largest distributor of Sealed Air products had 1980 Sealed Air sales of approximately $2 million, just about half of which were AirCap. Distributors traditionally tried to be full-line houses resourceful of meeting each customers complete packaging consumesso they carried a broad range of products.A survey of Sealed Airs firstline distributors showed that 83% carried loose fills, 65% carried polyethylene foam, and 29% carried Du Ponts polypropylene foam. Although most carried competitive products, distributors had displayed loyalty to Sealed Air and AirCap cushioning. Sealed Air, in turn, had kept to its selective distribution policy. Competing Uncoated Bubble Cushioning Sealed Air considered both types of bubbles made by Astro as indifferent products. GAFCEL, the new regional producer, made a decent product in Hausers estimation he felt that its success to date came more(prenominal) often than not at Astros expense.The New York metropolitan market was ideal for the new producer. It was not custom er- or distributor-loyal, and price was a key variable. Sealed Airs estimate of GAFCEL sales rates was $750,000 per year for the 1/2-in. -high uncoated bubble and $250,000 per year for the 3/16-in. bubble. Both had two layers of film 2 mils each. GAFCELs distributor prices for truckload shipments and suggested resale prices to end users for the metropolitan New York market are shown in Table E. (Astros uncoated bubble prices are in Exhibit 4. ) Sealed Air had not yet extensively well-tried the GAFCEL uncoated bubble.Although it was better than Astros uncoated, its performance would not be dramatically different from that found in previous uncoated testing (see Exhibit 2). In terms of cushioning curves, the l/2 in. GAFCEL bubble was parallel to Sealed Airs ST-120 or SD-120 for very light loads, not greater than 0. 15 lbs. /sq. in. pressure. At greater loads, however, the acceleration curve would increase rapidly, moving above even the SB-110 by pressures of 0. 25 lbs. /sq. in. (see Exhibit 5). 8 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012.For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Table E GAFCELs Distributor Prices per 1,000 Sq. Ft. SO-22 (3/16 in. ) LO-22 (1/2 in. ) $36. 03 Distributor truckload Suggested resale by order size 1,000 sq. ft 20,000 sq. ft 40,000 sq. ft 100,000 sq. ft Truckload $31. 63 $56. 54 47. 12 42. 84 39. 40 34. 79 $75. 24 62. 70 57. 07 44. 68 39. 63 Sealed Air Decisions Sealed Air had conducted a good deal of research on manufacturing uncoated bubble products. It knew the best production process would be similar to that currently used for its Solar Pool Blankets.Thus, the firm could begin manufacture of an uncoated product rapidly in its New Jersey plant. Likely distributor response to a Sealed Air uncoated product was difficult to predict. Some distributors had request it, but others regularly complained that there were already too many coated grades. Preliminary estimates of the variable costs for producing Sealed Air uncoated bubbles were $19 per 1,000 sq. ft. for 3/16 in. height, $20 per 1,000 sq. ft. for 5/16 in. , and $21 per 1,000 sq. ft. for 1/2 in. Freight cost depended on bubble height and standoffishness shipped.Although GAFCELs production process was completely different, its production costs were believed to be comparable. Hauser now had to decide whether to recommend that Sealed Air enter the uncoated bubble market (with an about-face on its previous exclusive emphasis on coated bubbles), or whether to suggest some other reaction to its new competitors. 9 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Exhibit 1 AirCap Products and UsesCushioning AirCap air bubble cushioning protects products against jolt and vibrat ion during handling and shipping by literally floating them on a cushion of air. This material offers consistent performance because our unique barrier-coating guarantees air retention. AirCap withstands repeated impact since it will not fatigue or take a compression set. Cushioning applications include a range of products from lightweight retail items to delicate power supplies weighing several hundred pounds. spot the grade that best fits your cushioning application Protective Wrap/InterleavingAirCap is an small protective wrap material and ideal for interleaving between similarly make items. It is clean, non-abrasive, easy to use and provides superior surface protection. Lay your product on AirCap stream, fold it over and your product is fully protected Typical protective wrap/interleaving applications include china, glassware, printed circuit boards, and spare parts. Void Fill When a void in a package is not completely filled, the modify product may migrate within the shipp ing container. This movement is a major cause of damage in transit.Since large regular-duty AirCap bubbles do not compress, they fill voids effectively and eliminate product movement. Simply stuff AirCap sheeting into the carton, (left) or use an economical paradiddleed log. Its easy, clean, lightweight, and cost efficient 10 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. 582-103 -11- Exhibit 2 Sealed Air Presents AirCap as Cost-Effective Substitute Typical Cost-Savings Comparisons 60 Cellulose pack Rubberized Hair showcase IV Resists Fatigue 50 40 0 Uncoated Bubbles Urethane sparkle Polypropolene scintillate AirCap % Increase in Shock 20 In the expatriate environment packages are subjected to many jolts, bumps, and cokes that can potentially cause damage. To function effectively a cushioning material must retain its faculty to protect over a series of repeated impacts. The pa ssing play of protective ability during repeated impact is termed material fatigue. This graph (left) indicates the increased appal an average procut (0. 25 psi) will receive during a ten put away sequence from 24 inches. Test results show barrier-coated AirCap outperforms all materials tested. 0 0 1 Number of Impacts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BARRIER-COATING Each individual AirCap bubble is barriercoated to retain the air. AirCap Vs. corrugated Inserts A distributing firm found that it needed an profligate amount of flowable to prevent product migration. A new AirCap package (left) development a simple criss-cross technique resulted in reduced material, shipping, labor and carton costs. keepsake Carton internal packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap IMMEDIATE THICKNESS LOSS AirCap retains its original thickness upon the immediate application of a load (See Below).Loose Fill software system $ . 73 . 75 . 42 3. 02 $4. 92 AirCap Vs. Loose Fills Material well-tried A m anufacturer using corrugated inserts, cellulose wadding and polyethylene bags eliminated the need to inventory many packaging components (right) and reduced labor 84% by switching to AirCap (left). Total Thickness termination Retains Original Thickness Item Carton Inner Packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap Corrugated Package $ . 55 . 80 . 83 2. 60 $4. 78 AirCap Package $ . 55 1. 05 . 13 2. 40 $4. 13 $ . 65 AirCap Package $ . 47 . 54 . 25 2. 72 $3. 98 $ . 94AirCap SD 240 14% Polypropylene Foam 30% Polyethylene Foam 40% Cellulose Wadding 38% Rubberized Hair IV 51% Uncoated Bubbles 64% (Large) Urethane Foam (1. 25 53% * * pct) Embossed 54% * * Polyethylene (Hex) *30 day evaluation not conducted due to excessive initial thickness loss. Initial Thickness Loss Upon 04 psi Load 7% 19% 16% 26% 24% 14% Gradual Thickness Loss After 30 Days 7% 11% 24% 12% 27% 50% When a load is placed on a cushioning material two things occur that may contribute to a deterioration in its perfo rmance. First, is the immediate compression of the material.Second, is the additional, more gradual loss of thickness termed creep. Generally excessive thickness loss of a material results in increased material usage in cushioning and dunnage applications. spectre may contribute to product damage as the loss of thickness creates a void in a package, allowing the product to move, shift, or migrate. This chart (left) demonstrates how barrier-coated AirCap retains its original thickness better than all materials tested and provides product protection throughout the entire packaging, shipping, handling, and storage cycle.GRADUAL THICKNESS LOSS (CREEP) AirCaps unique barrier-coating retains the air more effectively than uncoated bubbles, eliminating creep. AirCap Vs. Thin-Grade Foams AirCap Vs. Cellulose Wadding A metering firm discovered it needed only half as much AirCap to achieve the same performance that cellulose wadding provided (right). In addition to lowering material costs, AirCap (left) is clean, lint free, non-abrasive, and lightweight. Item AirCap Package An electronic service center employing the use of a thin-grade foam (right) required many layers of wrapping to protect against shock and vibration.Large AirCap bubbles (left) provided superior performance and lower packaging costs. This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ?nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. Carton Inner Packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap Cellulose Wadding Package $ . 30 . 22 . 25 1. 35 $2. 12 $ . 22 . 12 . 08 1. 20 $1. 62 $ . 50 CONVENTIONAL CELLULOSE MATERIAL uncoated BUBBLES Item Foam Package For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Carton Inner Packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap $ . 46 1. 33 . 66 4. 09 $6. 4 AirCap Package $ . 38 . 87 . 33 3. 94 $5. 52 $1. 02 For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Exhibit 3 1. Competitive Product Information Cellulose wa dding (a paper-based product which tries to trap air between piles of sheeting) major(ip) suppliers minute Packaging, Hillside, N. J. CelluProducts Co. , Patterson, N. C. Sizes available Thickness of 0. 17 in. , 0. 25 in. , 0. 37 in. , 0. 50 in. Advantages/disadvantages a lot cheaper than AirCap in thin grades will not mark item imprisoned heavier than AirCap (34 Ibs. per cu. ft. vs. less than 1 lb. or AirCap) meaning higher shipping cost excessive compression under heavy loads (see test results, Exhibit 2). Corrugated products (sheets of ribbed cardboard, often cut and perforated to specific sizes) Major suppliers About 800 firms manufacturing in 47 states, including larger paper companies. Advantages/disadvantages angiotensin-converting enzyme face (cardboard with ribs on one side) appreciably cheaper than AirCap on square-foot basis labor cost of using corrugated usually very high myopic cushioning. Polyethylene foam (thin, smooth, rigid sheets of low-density foam) Maj or suppliers talent scout Foam Products, Hyannis, Mass.CelluProducts Co. , Patterson, N. C. flash bulb Packaging, Hillside, N. J. Sizes available 48 or 68 in. wide rolls of thickness 1/16, 3/32, 3/16, 1/4 in. Advantages/disadvantages Appreciably cheaper than AirCap in thin grades on square-foot basis does not mark item wrap rigid product means hard to work with tendency to pull off cushioning inferior to AirCap more expensive than AirCap in thicker grades. Polypropylene foam (thin, coarse, rigid sheets of low-density foam) Major supplier Du Pont Microfoam Sizes available Standard 72 in. wide rolls of thickness 1/16, 3/32, 3/16, 1/4 in. Advantages/disadvantages Basically the same as for polyethylene foam. Loose fills (expanded polystyrene beads, peanuts, etc. ) Major suppliers Many small firms Advantages/disadvantages 50% cheaper than AirCap on cubic foot basis messy unworthy cushioning. Uncoated bubbles (sheets of small air bubbles made of polyethylene film) Major produc er Astro, Hawthorne, N. J. (Sealed Air licensee) Sizes available 48 in. wide roll standard, bubble heights 3/16, 1/4, 1/2 in. Bubbles also varied in the thickness of the films used. Generally, thicknesses were 1, 2, 3, or 4 mils with increasing film thickness giving greater strength. Advantages/disadvantages Cheaper than comparable height coated bubble excessive air loss over time (about 65% height loss under 50 Ibs. per sq. ft. pressure over 30 geezerhood vs. 15% for AirCap). Competitive coated bubble (essentially the same as uncoated bubble except nylon film coating added) Major supplier Astro, Hawthorne, N. J. (Sealed Air licensee) Sizes available 48 in. wide roll standard, bubble heights 1/8, 3/16, 1/4, 1/2, 1 in. Advantages/disadvantages Under heavy loading, nylon barrier holds up better than Sealed Airs saran barrier poor quality control (bubble heights generally 13% less than specified). . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 12 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain i n marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Exhibit 4 Suggested End User Prices (in dollars) for Major Competitive Products 1. Paper-Based Cellulose Wadding (Jiffy Packaging) Thickness (in. ) 0. 17 0. 25 0. 37 0. 50 2. Foams Thickness (in. ) 1 16 Price $27. 70 37. 40 50. 60 65. 00 hit-Face Corrugated $22. 75 Jiffy Packaging (polyethylene) $20. 30 25. 90 34. 15 53. 35 na Sentinel Products (polyethylene) $18. 20 24. 00 32. 70 49. 40 naDu Pont Microfoam (polypropylene) $17. 20 25. 17 34. 90 53. 86 109. 72 / / 1/8 3/16 3/8 3 32 3. Competitive Bubbles (Astro) cover Nylon Bubble Height (in. ) 1 8 3 16 UncoatedPolyethylene a Film Thickness (mils) 1 and 1 1 and 2 1 and 2 1 and 2 2 and 4 1 and 2 2 and 4 Price $35. 25 49. 50 57. 00 71. 75 87. 75 90. 00 110. 00 Bubble Height (in. ) 3 16 Film Thicknessa (mils) 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 Price $47. 00 54. 50 65. 75 / / 1/4 1/2 1/2 1 1 / / 1/2 1 4 Note Prices are per 1,000 sq. ft. based on a 50,000 sq. ft. order. a. Each bubble is made of two layers of film. Thicknesses shown are for individual layers in mils.Thicker film produces a stronger product. 13 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Exhibit 5 proportional Cushioning Performance by Grade Engineered To Provide Superior Cushioning The test data on the graph below was developed by the Lansmont Corporation, an independent testing laboratory. The test method used closely simulates echt shipping conditions, and employs the use of an enclosed test block and shock machine.Five goat drops were executed from 24 inches at each static stress. The last four drops were averaged to arrive at data points used to develop each cushioning effectiveness curve. This data illustrates AirCaps superior performance o ver a wide range of loadings, and may be used for comparison and to specify the best AirCap grade and thickness for your cushioning requirements. (SD-240 curves taken from data provided in Military Handbook 304-A). 300 SB-110 SC-120 250 SC-120 (2 layers) Peak Acceleration (Gs) 200 SCT-120 cl SD-120 100 ST-120 (2 layers) SD-120 (2 layers) SD-120 (3 layers) SD-240 (4 layers) 50 SD-240 (6 layers) . 05 . 1 . 15 . 2 . 25 . 3 . 35 . 4 Static Stress (psi) Source AirCap brochure. Note To be read For a product exerting 0. 25 Ibs. per sq. in. of pressure on the packaging material while at rest, the peak acceleration (a measure of shock to the product) when dropped from 2 ft. is 118 g. if SD-120 is used, 260 g. if SB-110 is used. 14 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Exhibit 6 U. S.MarketFlexible Wraps by Product linea ment (in millions of manufacturers dollars) 1975 1978 23 25 1 49 11 5 6 22 22 93 1980 23 27 1 51 12 7 25 44 31 126 Paper-based Cellulose wadding Single-face corrugated Indented kraft Foamsa Polyurethane Polypropylene Polyethylene Polyethylene air bubbles Coated and uncoated (combined) Total Source Company records. b 20 20 1 41 10 4 1 15 15 71 a. Sales figures exclude nonpackaging uses, such as construction and furniture industries. b. Figures are for flexible wrap market only and are therefrom less than AirCaps and Astros total U. S. sales. Exhibit 7 Grade SB-110AirCap Applications by Grade Package Contents Furnace thermostats Shorthand machines Taco shells inured glass sheets Clocks Wooden picture frames Light fixtures Overhead projector lenses information processing system components Telephone bell ringers Amplifiers Saucepans Two-way radios Exit alarms Mixers Fryers Carbonless paper rolls Oven burners Pharmaceutical bottles Candleholders Recorders Carburetors Lamps gal jugs C omputer terminals Printed circuit boards Foil wallpaper Blood coagulation timers lead glass windows Custom motorcycle seats Motor controls Shredded paper Packaging Material Displaced (if known) 16-in. Corrugated / polypropylene foam SC-120 SC-240 ST-120 Shredded paper Corrugated Corrugated Corrugated / polyethylene foam Corrugated Urethane foam pads 3 32-in. ST-240 SD-120 Polypropylene foam SD-240 Corrugated Foam pads and corrugated Corrugated Astro uncoated bubble LP-24 SD-480 15 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air CorporationExhibit 8 Suggested U. S. Resale Price List, Effective March 1980 Sq. Ft. per Order per Single Destination 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/ car 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/rai lcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar Same price per 1,000 sq. t. as SD-120 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar $107. 85 97. 70 87. 55 81. 40 79. 35 72. 40 130. 75 118. 30 105. 95 98. 55 95. 70 87. 25 232. 75 210. 55 188. 35 175. 55 171. 25 $155. 60 Price per 1,000 Sq. Ft. $34. 30 30. 85 27. 45 25. 70 24. 75 22. 80 50. 00 45. 40 40. 90 38. 10 37. 05 33. 50 71. 0 64. 55 57. 40 53. 75 52. 60 47. 65 93. 40 84. 40 74. 95 70. 20 68. 60 62. 25 85. 30 77. 10 68. 50 64. 25 62. 75 $57. 25 Item (thickness in inches) A-100 (3/32) SB-110 (1/8) SC-120 (3/16) SC-240 (3/16 ) ST-120 (5/16) ST-240 (5/16) SD-120 (1/2) SD-240 (1/2) SD-480 (1/2) 16 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Su resh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103Exhibit 9 Selected Financial Data ($ thousands) 1976 1977 $21,422 15,489 3,595 2,682 $43,188 35,765 $24,270 12,093 (816) 6,009 1978 $25,028 21,133 3,453 4,644 $54,258 43,410 $31,111 14,527 (738) 7,882 1979 $29,996 29,056 3,432 7,951 $70,435 54,325 $43,199 16,855 (278) 10,103 1980 $34,330 38,802 3,688 11,777 $88,597 67,344 $54,125 21,485 (119) 12,868 Net sales by class of product Air cellular packaging Foam-in-place packaging new(prenominal) packaging Recreational and energy prod.Total worldwide United States Costs and expenses Cost of sales Marketing, administration, development Other income (expense) Earnings before income tax $18,872 3,049 4,553 $26,474 $16,451 6,696 32 3,359 Source Sealed Air Annual Reports 1979, 1980. 17 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012 .

Public, Private and Mixed Goods

Goods be tangiable items which satisfy benevolent compulsions and needs. Humans find them important and desirable so they make efforts to look at them. In modern economies acceptables be classified into three main categories namely,1. minute hidden goods 2. staring(a) humans goods 3. miscellaneous(quasi/ unrestricted) goods and they argon outlined in the qualifying below. Pure hidden goods These are all the goods evoked by private companies whose post is to make a profit and they are used exclusively for the pleasure of private needs for lesson food,clothing and property.They are not free goods,they amaze with a expenditure and cannot be substituted with other goods. One of the features of pure private goods is that they are produced by private firms whose main aim is to make a profit. These private firms identify individuals private needs for sheath clothing and agreely they undertake intreprenuerial activities to satisfy them epoch at the same time earning pr ofit. surreptitious firms compete against each other in order to determine a higher grocery store share and consequently this results in high fictitious character goods being produced. The second feature is that these goods are breakd in the market against a price.Access to these goods is not free but implies a cost called a price which the firms charge on receivers. The price is established by the free interplay of market forces,demand and supply. The market brings together producers and consumers who are both willing and able to deprave the goods. Pure private goods are likewise financed out of private revenues. For the cost which the firms incur,they pay out of their private funds which are usually the proprietors capital and retained profits. When these are not sufficient,they can get somewhat bank loans. These goods are withal excludable.Only those indviduals who pay for them get to consume them. Those without income,with different tastes and preferences as well as th ose incompatible with some proficient features of the products are denied the chance to consume them. Someone who cannot afford a automobile may opt for public transport or bicycles,and thus,he is excluded from using the good (car). They are also rivalrous. An increase in the units of goods consumed results in an increase in cost. An example is an increase in demand for bread,for a bakery to produce the additional loaves to meet demand,the cost of electricity,rent and labour will also increase.Pure public goods These are goods produced and distributed by reconcile owned companies or public institutions whose image is to set up goods and services in a itinerary that is both neighborly and affordable to all. They can be consumed by individuals or companies but do not lead to a reduction in the consumption account book of others for example street lighting. Pure public goods are produced directly by the government or private firms under get. The state sees these as very impor tant and should be bequeathd to all so it remains the sole supplier to ensure these are available to everyone at low and affordable prices.An example is justice which is soley provided by the government. At times it leases some private firms to provide some strategic services for example garbage collection. Unlike pure private goods,their cookery is financed out of controlling tax revenues. These come in different forms for example income tax and coperate tax which individuals and companies pay respectively. This income is then channelled towards the provision of pure public goods for example construction of public roads. However,the income collected this way may not be enough so the difference is paying out of the state budget.These goods are distributed by dint of the public budget. The government identifies the public needs and makes priorities as to which ones can be satisfied first according to the ammount of resources at hand and the importance of certain goods to the pub lic. For example,a leaking sewer pipe in a city maybe repaired first before constructing a rude(a) road since public health is more important. Pure public goods are also non-excludable meaning that not any single member of the nightclub can be denied the consumption of these goods for example police services. Because of this,they remain alone in the hands of the government.Everyone benefits whether or not they make contributions through compulsory taxes and cannot deny these utilities. The degree of exclusion for these goods depends on the technical features and resources available to the producer. An example is the government failing to construct a road in a certain location due to inadequate construction resources. The consumption of these goods is non-rival,meaning that their costs do not increase due to an increase in the take of the consumers. This comes about since by nature,the products cannot be divided for example national defence.It is not possible to provide defence f or a certain group of stack and isolate the rest but instead,it is collectively enjoyed and the cost of providing defence does not increase due to an increase in national population. multiform (quasi public) goods Mixed goods are the halfway house between public and private goods. They are like private goods in that they are rivalrous and excludable but they provide significant non-rivalrous non-excludable external benefits for which preferences are not revealed by the market tool for example health,education and fire service.Individual ownership claims to these goods are minimal. A feature of mixed goods is that they are collectively enjoyed for example education. When a person is educated he receives a benefit from this, which is expressed in terms of higher hire and improved job prospects. However, the community as a whole also benefits from the individuals education, in that his productivity is enhanced, which is good for everyone. Mixed goods are also produced by the govern ment and or by private firms for example education.The government owns some educational institutions at low or zero costs while others are private and profit making. The government provides the basic education to individuals and those who want to advance or to get superior services have to enrole into private institutions and they pay a higher price for the srevices. These goods are also distributed through the budget or market. For the part which the government is responsible for producing,it distributes them through the state budget by means of prioritising public needs and moderating the resources available.It also seeks to ensure that they are provided at affordable prices. Private companies also distribute goods according to their own private resources and they do this through the market. Mixed goods are also financed from gross sales revenues and other revenue generating activities. Private firms get their income from sales turnover and they use it to produce more goods and s ervices. However,government parastatals may have press down revenues since their prices should be low and affordable to all unless if they privatise or lease to private companies.

Spring Break Essay

Dylan Farmer 1/24/2012 English 101 take form flare is mainly a age of partying for most teenagers that go to my senior high school, besides I was off to calcium with my girlfri closes family to elegant much explore a whole whatever other side of the U. S. calcium is the rear that e actually person and the world fates to go for their spring break. I was very happy that my girlfriends mom is a go away agent, so we got a pretty good deal for the prices of our flight and on the hotel prices. Just for extra fun we drove to Chicago and stayed there for twain nights. We explored wadtown Chicago, all the amazing buildings.We even got to go into the old Sears Tower, which was something that I think every iodin needs to see. Its probably whiz of the best sights Ive ever seen, other than the fact Ive only seen a good view going down Quincy hill near my hometown. I forgot to mention that when we left for our flight to calcium that was going to be my front time ever flying on an ai rplane. It was very exciting to fly, especially since it was going to be a immense three hour flight. I felt like a curt kid again when the flight attendant gave me my wings for flying for my first time.Not all people in the world get to give flying, so I panorama I was pretty lucky to get to make love this experience. We arrived in Los Angeles, California. The hotel we stayed in was one of the best hotels Ive ever been in. This hotel was so lifesize and fancy, and the weight room that was there was bigger than the fitness center underpin home. This hotel also had two pools. The outdoor pool looked really beautiful, because it had a giant tip water fall leading into the pool, unless it was closed down p exercise set of ground we were was staying there, so I just used the normal everyday hotel pool, which was indoors.It was very incredible to see something like this on how beautiful a superstar hotel could be, and look. Exploring the streets of California was really fun. I adventured through the fashion district, which has a lot of cheap items. There was some kid trying to sell me copyright DVDs, which I actually bought, but out of the three I bought, but only one of the movies worked. matchless of the obvious reasons of why I went to California was that I got to see all the amazing sites that all normal tourists go and see.We all walked around the Sanna Monica Pier, Manhattan Pier, and also to the great Venice beach. It was very pretty place to see all the people walking around and all the half-size gift shops on the beach. However, out of the three piers I went to, the Manhattan Pier was one of my favorites, because I got to see my first dolphin, which was pretty awesome, and I never prospect Id actually have the chance to see one with the little time that I was there. Later in that week our stick up trip was to Hollywood boulevard, which was a crazy place to meet some weird people.There was a lot of people singing, dancing, selling stuff, or all other random ways to make a dollar. Hollywood Boulevard was still a very interesting place, seeing all the stars on the ground with some hand print in it or their writing. One pretty interesting thing that I noticed is that Muhammad Alis star was the only one that was hanging up, because all the other stars where just on the ground, but I guess he was the fighter of America. When it was about time to leave California, I was feeling something distinct than usual, like I didnt want to go back home just right yet.I just cute to stay there and enjoy the sun. I knew that my spring break had to end at some point, though It was just amazing how different the club was here than Michigan. I think I liked it better here, but that is probably because Im not living here 24/7 like I am in Michigan. I thought to myself how I would rather go on vacations than partying for my spring break. Spring break is where one can actually learn about a different state and see new sightings for the fir st time. It was a great experience to go on this trip to California.

College Enrollment Essay

Income inequality has been increase for the past 20 years. A substantial smash of the increase in income differences can be explained by changes in the bear to instruction. In iodin dollar bill edges, 1973 college receives earned 45 percent much than in spirited spirits disciplinedays graduates by 1994 they earned 65 percent more(prenominal), work forceaged on real add up hourly requital for college and spirited naturalize graduates (Baumol and Blinder, 1997). The increasing income disparities amongst separates of differing commandal attain ment raises concern that access to post arcsecondary education (PSE) whitethorn non be as widespread as desired.President Clinton urged for the design of universal college access in his 1997 State of the Union address, We must make believe the thirteenth and quaternityteenth years of educationat least(prenominal) cardinal years of collegejust as universal in America by the 21st century as a high school education is toda y, and we must open the doors of college to altogether Americans. Using info from the guinea pig program line longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS) and the national Postsecondary savant Aid Study (NPSAS), this contemplate examines access to postsecondary education by individuals in distinct income and scrutiny polish off groups. eon many studies pose found a statistically strong effect of income on college enrollment,1 slight attention has been p economic m iodintary aid to the effect of family income later on controlling for student achievement. This guide specifically addresses this issue. We also search differences in the close of whether or not to imitate PSE or in the token of PSE att removeed. We argon interested in whether students ar substituting less d primeval-won alternatives ( such(prenominal) as public or 2-year institutions) for high cost institutions, or whether they ar not catching PSE at all.However, we do not examine selectivity of instit utions counted. proto(prenominal)(a) goal of this subscribe to is to determine which factors, including high school experiences, ar oddly important in determining college enrollment patterns. Hossler and Maple (1993) find that training on individual background factors al impoverisheds them to predict, with a high dot of accuracy, which ninth- prescribers will go to college. The emphasis in our study is on how 1 See, for example, Leslie and Brinkman (1987), Savoca (1990), Schwartz (1986), and Mortenson and Wu (1990). piece I. unveiling 1 MATHTECH, INC.early indicators, such as expectations and course-taking behavior in the ordinal strike out, ar related to college serve upance six years later. 2 Last, we explore whether financial aid availability is a small factor in determining PSE attendance. The combined cause of shifting federal support from grants to loans, and college study fee increasing at a rate faster than inflation ar anticipate to cause a large impac t on enrollment patterns for low income youth. This plow examines knowledge of and attitudes toward financial aid, and the relationship surrounded by such factors and PSE attendance.We also examine the effect of financial aid receipt on PSE attendance. In compendious, the master(prenominal) research questions addressed in this report are 1. 2. 3. 4. What percentage of students attend PSE, and what types of PSE do they attend? How are income and test gull related to who goes to college? What factors, including high school experiences, are especially important in determining college enrollment patterns? Is financial aid availability a critical factor for determining PSE attendance? The rest of the report proceeds as follows.Section II describes the literature on individual and institutional factors that divisionake PSE attendance. Section III provides an overview of the info utilise in this report. It describes the NELS data, the NPSAS data, stresss and weights utilize i n the study, and correction of commonplace errors for sampling techniques. Section IV examines who goes to college. The section highlights the main answers to the first two research questions posed above, in a univariate or multivariate frame fetch. Section V examines factors related to PSE attendance.Section VI explores the immenseness of financial aid, including knowledge of financial aid, financial aid finishings, and the relationship between being offered financial aid and PSE attendance. Last, we accept a bibliography of book of factsd references. The executive summary (at the beginning of the report) highlights our findings and provides policy implications. An NCES study, not yet released, has focaliseed on the blood line to higher education exploitation the NELS data (NCES, 1997). subdivision I. INTRODUCTION 2 2 MATHTECH, INC. One subset of analysis for this study is the group of low income, high test score students.Low income, high test score students whitethorn so p up the potential to benefit greatly from PSE attendance and, thitherfore, we want to come in factors or constraints, particularly financial ones, that might limit the students educational opportunities beyond high school. SECTION I. INTRODUCTION 3 MATHTECH, INC. II. LITERATURE check into many(prenominal) of the research on college enrollment patterns is founded upon the human capital model Gary Becker advanced. concord to this theory, one decides to enroll in college as an investment in rising earning power.Individuals calculate the value of attending college by comparing costs (direct and indirect) with expected income gains, and they make the decision that will maximize their utility over the dogged term. To understand enrollment behavior according to this model, it is necessary to look at such factors as tuition takes, student financial aid, average wages for high school graduates, and the difference in lifetime earnings between high school and college graduates. Econom ists and others agree, however, that non-mo benefitary factors also play a major part in the college enrollment decision.Sociologists models of status attainment birth suggested a occur of background variables that join with economic factors to influence college plans. These include both ain traits (e. g. , academic ability) and interpersonal factors, such as the take of encouragement a student receives from parents and teachers. Hossler and Maple (1993) suggest that individual decisions on enrollment can be broken down into ternary stages predisposition, search, and choice. According to their research, students who will ultimately attend college can be dissimilariated from those who will not as early as the ninth grade.Within the econometric and sociological models outlined above, the factors refering enrollment in college can be divided into two oecumenic types those specific to individual students, such as academic achievement and agnate education aims, and those speci fic to educational or vocational alternatives, such as college tuition, financial aid, and unemployment levels. Students enrollment decisions can be viewed as jointly unconquerable by their individual characteristics and the institutional or societal conditions that prevail. We first check into individual traits that affect college enrollment, and then institutional determinants.SECTION II. LITERATURE survey 4 MATHTECH, INC. A. INDIVIDUAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT COLLEGE ENROLLMENT Several studies form used data from the case Longitudinal Study of the High initiate pattern of 1972 (NLS72), the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth age group (NLSY), and the High develop and beyond Survey (HSB) to examine the factors bear upon college enrollments. Manski and saucy (1983), Rouse (1994), and a number of others have used the variables included in these data sets to estimate polynomial logit models of enrollment decisions.Among the researchers, there seems to be bulky agreement regarding the individual traits that help to determine enrollment. These traits are discussed below. Manski and Wise (1983) portrayed a key point, namely that the enrollment process begins with the students decision to apply to college. This is much more important than the decisions made by college admissions personnel, since virtually would-be college students are likely to be admitted to some postsecondary institution of average quality.Jackson (1988) reports that in 1972, more than 97 percent of college applicants were admitted to at least one of their top three choices. The factors of greatest interest, then, are those that cause the student to seek to enroll. Both Manski and Wise (1983) and Rouse (1994) find that individual traits such as achievement levels, high school class rank, and parental education levels are of primary importance in determining the likelihood of a students applying to college.They state that higher family income levels increase t he probability of activity as closely, but to a lesser extent. Manski and Wise also cite a peer or high school quality effect, such that the larger the share of a high school seniors classmates who attend 4-year schools, the more likely he or she will be to do the akin(p). A recent NCES report (1997) describes the relationship among six venture factors (such as changing schools two or more times) and PSE attendance rates. St. tooshie and Noell (1989) and St. John (1990) draw similar conclusions from the NLS72 and HSB data sets.St. John and Noell state that reliable social background variables appear to make college enrollment more likely. These include higher test scores, higher grades, higher SECTION II. LITERATURE brushup 5 MATHTECH, INC. enate education levels,3 and family income, as cited by Manski and Wise and Rouse. early(a) key variables include participation in an academic track during high school and high postsecondary aspirations, as measured by students reportin g of the highest level of schooling they expect to achieve.Hossler and Maple (1993) find that parental education levels have a stronger effect on enrollment plans than student ability or income level. former(a) background factors that researchers have found to be noteworthy include the level of parental encouragement (Hossler, Braxton, and Coopersmith, 1989) and students own expectations about the college decision (Borus and Carpenter, 1984). Jackson (1988) concludes that test scores, grades, taking part in a college preparatory program, and attending a school with many college-going peers are the student attributes most important for college enrollment.Kohn, Manski, and Mundel (1976) report that parents education level has a positive effect on a students likelihood of enrollment, but state that this effect decreases as family income rises. A number of researchers have examined the effects of family income levels on college enrollment. Manski (199216) concludes that there are persi stent patterns of stratification of college enrollments by income. Both Manski (1992) and Kane (1995) present census data for multi-year periods that show, for ascending income levels, a steadily increasing percentage of 18to 19-year-old dependent family members enrolled in college.Using the identical data source, Clotfelter (1991) and Mortenson and Wu (1990) cite positive income effects for the 18- to 24year-old group as well. Hauser (1993) finds large family income effects on college enrollment for White and Latino families, but he finds no such effects for Black families. 3 St. John and Noell do not include paternal education levels as a variable in their study. Manski and Wise and Rouse consider maternal and paternal education levels as separate variables, but present their conclusions in terms of parental education levels as a whole.Most of the studies reviewed here do not distinguish between causes and stimulates education levels. One exception is the study by Kohn, Mansk i and Mundel (1976). This study estimates a model using sub renders of the SCOPE survey from two different states. While one group shows that the fathers education level has a greater effect on the likelihood of college attendance than does the mothers, the other group shows the mothers education level as having a greater effect. SECTION II. LITERATURE recapitulation 6 MATHTECH, INC. B. institutional FACTORS THAT AFFECT COLLEGE ENROLLMENT.In addition to the factors that operate at an individual level, researchers have found a variety of institutional factors, or factors pertaining to educational and vocational alternatives, that affect college enrollment levels. Manski and Wise (1983) include among these factors tuition level, quality of school (as measured by the average combined SAT score of ledger entry freshmen), and the availability of government and institutional financial aid.Rouse (1994) examines the factor of proximity by estimating changes in enrollments that would resu lt from decreasing the average distance to the hot 2-year college. She also considers the effects of tuition levels and financial aid availability, as well unemployment rates, which serve as a measure of competing opportunities available to high school seniors.Tuition levels are another institutional factor with a significant effect on college enrollment. Leslie and Brinkman (1987) review 25 studies on this subject, and find a general consensus that a $100 increase in tuition nationwide, in 19821983 academic year dollars, would result in a 6 percent decline in the college participation rate for the 18- to 24-year-old group.Savoca (1990) makes the point that high tuition levels may lessen postsecondary enrollments in the aggregate by discouraging some students from ever applying to college. The effects of tuition levels are moderated in many cases by the effects of financial aid. McPherson and Schapiro (1991) state that the variable of interest should be net cost, or tuition les s financial aid. At the initial stages of the enrollment decision, however, students often lack information on their eligibility for financial aid and the meat of aid they would be likely to receive.Researchers have differing views regarding the effects of financial aid on enrollment at different types of institutions. Reyes (1994) finds that increases in financial aid positively affect both 2-year and 4-year college enrollment rates, based on information from the NLSY and HSB. Manski and Wise (1983), using the NLS72, conclude that financial aid affects students decisions to attend 2-year institutions, as opposed to not going to college at all. However, this study finds that enrollments at 4-year schools have little sensitivity to the availability of financial aid.Manski and Wise do not consider the effect of financial aid on the students choice between a 2-year and a 4-year institution. SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 MATHTECH, INC. Other researchers have compared the effects of d ecreasing tuition with the effects of increasing financial aid. Manski and Wise (1983) find that for those attending 2-year schools, an spare dollar of financial aid would be worth more than a one dollar reduction in tuition. St. John (1990172) also finds that college applicantsare more antiphonary to changes in student aid than to changes in tuition, except for those in the speeding income group. Kane (1995), however, argues that while financial aid increases may be more ingenuous because they are means tested, they are not as effective as decreases in tuition. This is a consequence of the complexity of the financial aid application process and the unwillingness of low income families to borrow to finance a college education. When examine the effect of tuition and financial aid on PSE enrollment, the group to be especially concerned about is low income students.Leslie and Brinkman (1987) and Savoca (1990) find that tuition levels affect enrollment decisions for low income stude nts much more than for middle and upper income groups. By the same token, the availability of financial aid is a much more crucial factor for those at tear down income levels. Orfield (1992) notes that the maximum Pell grant is less than one-fifth of the tuition at an elite university. Such a hurly burly between aid and costs, he contends, may steer many low income students toward lower cost schools. Hearns 1991 study supports this hypothesis.He finds that when academic ability, achievement, and other factors are controlled for, lower income students are especially likely to choose institutions of lower selectivity. Schwartz (1985) finds that low income students are affected differently by publicly provided financial aid and aid supplied by institutions. He states that public grants tend to pass on greater equity among income groups in college enrollment. Private grants, however, are often awarded on the basis of academic ability, and they tend to favor students who could afford to go to college without them.Clotfelter (1991) expresses the same concern about the effects of institutional aid. Manski and Wise (1983) note that even so public aid is not always awarded where the need is greatest. They state that in 1979, 59 percent of Basic Educational Opportunity Grants were awarded to students who would probably have gone to college in the absence of such aid. duck 1 summarizes the data sources used in the studies mentioned here. SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 MATHTECH, INC.Table 1 MAIN info SOURCES FOR WORKS CITED IN LITERATURE REVIEW STUDY Borus, Michael E.and Carpenter, Susan A. , Factors Associated with College Attendance of High-School Seniors (1984) Clotfelter, Charles T. , Demand for Undergraduate Education (1991) Hauser, Robert M. , Trends in College entry among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics (1993) Hearn, James C. , Academic and Nonacademic sees on the College Destinations of 1980 High School Graduates (1991) Hossler, Don, Braxton, John and Coope rsmith, Georgia, accord College prime(a) (1989).Hossler, Don and Maple, Sue, Being Undecided about Postsecondary Education (1993) Jackson, Gregory A., Did College Choice Change during the Seventies? (1988) Kane, Thomas, Rising Public College Tuition and College Entry How easy Do Public Subsidies Promote Access to College? (1995) Kohn, Meir G. , Manski, Charles F. , and Mundel, David S. , An Empirical Investigation of Factors which Influence College-going Behavior (1976) Leslie, Larry L. , and Brinkman, Paul T. , Student Price Response in high Education (1987) Manski, Charles F. , and Wise, David A. , College Choice in America (1983) Manski, Charles F. , Income and Higher Education (1992)McPherson, Michael S., and Schapiro, Morton Owen, Does Student Aid Affect College Enrollment? New Evidence on a Persistent Controversy (1991) Mortenson, Thomas G. , and Wu, Zhijun, High School Graduation and College corporation of Young Adults by Family Income Backgrounds 1970 to 1989 (1990) N ational Center for Education Statistics. Confronting the Odds Students At Risk and the Pipeline to Higher Education (1997). MAIN DATA SOURCES 1979 and 1980 National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLSY) go off of studies done by others, with data from Current Population Survey ( cps) and High.School and Beyond (HSB) CPS HSB, Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) data look into of studies done by others Cluster stress of 5,000 Indiana ninth graders National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS72), HSB NLSY, HSB, CPS School to College Opportunities for Postsecondary Education (SCOPE) Survey Meta-analysis of studies done by others NLS72 NLS72, HSB, CPS Cooperative institutional Research Program (CIRP) data, CPS HSB, Current Population Report, CPS NELS SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW.9 MATHTECH, INC. STUDY Orfield, Gary, Money, Equity, and College Access (1992) Reyes, Suzanne, The College Enrollment finding The division of the Guaranteed Student Loan (1994) Rouse, Cecilia Elena, What to Do after High School The biyearly versus Four- division College Enrollment Decision (1994) St. John, Edward P. , and Noell, Jay, The Effects of Student Financial Aid on Access to Higher Education An depth psychology of Progress with Special precondition of Minority Enrollment (1989) St. John, Edward P., Price Response in Enrollment DecisionsAn Analysis of the High School and Beyond Sophomore Cohort (1990) Savoca, Elizabeth, Another visualise at the Demand for Higher Education Measuring the Price predisposition of the Decision to Apply to College (1990) Schwartz, J. Brad, Student Financial Aid and the College Enrollment Decision The Effects of Public and Private Grants and Interest Subsidies (1985) Schwartz, J. Brad, Wealth Neutrality in Higher Education The Effects of Student Grants (1986) MAIN DATA SOURCES Review of history of federal student financial aid programs NLSY, HSB NLSY, HSB, CPS.NLS72, HSB HSB NLS72 HSB, CP S HSB, CPS SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 MATHTECH, INC. III. DATA A. NELS DATA While a number of studies have used data from the National Longitudinal Survey, Youth Cohort (NLSY), the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS72), and the High School and Beyond Survey (HSB) to examine the factors affecting college enrollments, this work effort is among the first to use NELS to analyze these types of issues. In 1988, NELS initially surveyed over 24,000 public and private school eighth graders throughout the joined States.The nationally representative eighth grade cohort was tested in quad subjects (mathematics, reading, science, and social studies). Two teachers of each student (representing two of the four subjects) were also surveyed, as was an administrator from each school. On average, each of the 1,052 active schools was represented by 24 students and five teachers. Parents were also surveyed, providing researchers with detailed information on family background variables.Since 1988, the initial eighth grade cohort has been re-surveyed three times (and has been freshened with new sample members). The first enforce of NELS ( springiness, 1990), included the same components as the base year study, with the exception of the parent survey, which was not implemented in the 1990 round. It also included a component on early dropouts (those who left school between the end of eighth grade and the end of 10th grade). The second follow-up (spring, 1992), repeated all components of the first follow-up study and also included a parent questionnaire.However, this time precisely one teacher of each student ( any a mathematics or a science teacher) was asked to complete a teacher questionnaire. High school transcript data were also quiet for these students. A subsample of the NELS88 second follow-up sample was again followed-up in the spring of 1994, when most sample members had been out of high school for 2 years. In all, 14,915 students wer e surveyed, most through computer-assisted telephone interviewing.Major content areas for the third follow-up questionnaire were education histories work experience histories work-related training family formation opinions and other experiences occurrence or SECTION III. DATA 11 MATHTECH, INC. non-occurrence of significant life events and income. Data collection for this flourish began on February 4, and ended on August 13, 1994. At the time the data were collected, most of the respondents were 2 years out of high school. Table 2 summarizes the components of the different waves of the surveys.Table 2 OVERVIEW OF NELS NELS Components Grades included Cohort Base Year retract term 1988 grade 8 students questionnaire, tests questionnaire questionnaire two teachers per student (taken from reading, mathematics, science, or social studies) First Follow-up Spring term 1990 modal grade = sophomore students, dropouts questionnaire, tests none questionnaire two teachers per student (taken fr om reading, mathematics, science, or social studies) insurgent Follow-up Spring term 1992 modal grade = senior students, dropouts questionnaire, tests, H. S. transcripts questionnaire questionnaire one teacher per student (taken from mathematics or science).Third Follow-up Spring 1994 H. S. + 2 years all individuals questionnaire none none none Parents Principals Teachers B. NPSAS DATA Because the NELS database does not contain detailed information on financial aid, the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) database is used to supplement our study with additional financial aid information. This database is used to predict financial aid for the respondents in NELS based on demographic and other characteristics that are available in both databases.NPSAS is constructed specifically to provide information on financing of postsecondary education, so it is a good candidate for this use. This database surveys a nationally representative sample of undergraduate, graduate, an d first-professional students attending less than 2-year, 2-year, 4-year, and doctoral granting institutions. Both students who receive and those who do not receive financial aid are surveyed. SECTION III. DATA 12 MATHTECH, INC. The 1993 NPSAS study collected information on more than 78,000 undergraduate and graduate students at about 1,100 institutions.To be eligible, students must have been enrolled between may 1, 1992 and April 30, 1993 at a postsecondary institution in the United States or Puerto Rico. The students had to be enrolled in courses for credit, and in a program of 3 months or longer. too eligible for inclusion were students who received a bachelors degree between July 1, 1992 and June 30, 1993. Students who were enrolled in a GED program or who were also enrolled in high school were not included. C. SAMPLE AND WEIGHTS Of the 14,915 respondents in the third NELS follow-up, 13,120 are represented in all four waves of the NELS data.The remaining 1,795 respondents are either first follow-up freshened students,4 second follow-up freshened students,5 base-year ineligibles,6 or base-year eligible students who declined to enter in one or more of the survey waves, but who did come in in the third survey wave. The breakdown of these 1,795 respondents is as follows 501 first follow-up freshened students, 102 second follow-up freshened students, 271 base-year ineligibles, and 921 base-year eligibles with missing survey waves.To take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the NELS data and to be consistent across models and issues in the report, we focus our work on the sample of 13,120 respondents represented in all four waves of the NELS data. Consequently, the weight used in our analyses, (F3PNLWT) applies to sample members who completed questionnaires in all four rounds of NELS88. As a result, the longitudinal analyses that we conduct, and the estimates that are produced in this study can only be used to make projections to the population of spring 1988 eighth graders.In the descriptive tables, all percentages are weighted using F3PNLWT, including the analyses with the high school transcript data. Those who were tenth graders in 1990 but were not in the base-year sampling frame, either because they were not in the country or because they were not in the eighth grade in the spring term of 1988. Those who were 12th graders in 1992 but were not in either the base year or first follow-up sampling frames, either because they were not in the country or because they were not in the eighth (10th) grade in the spring term of 1988 (1990).6 5 4 Students excluded in 1988 due to linguistic, mental, or physical obstacles to participation. 13 SECTION III. DATA MATHTECH, INC. This sample includes dropouts, since the purpose of this study is to examine the overall question of what characteristics of eighth graders in 1988 are related to PSE attendance. We focus on early indicators, such as educational expectations and course-taking behavior i n the eighth grade, and not on the job of high school experiences that a dropout would lack access to.However, the dropouts were not asked the same set of survey questions as the other respondents, and, therefore, some of the analysis does not include dropouts. For each of our tables or figures, we note whether or not the dropouts are included in the analysis. D. CORRECTED STANDARD ERRORS Because NELS data are collected through a multi-stage sampling scheme, calculation of standard errors through standard methods can understate these errors. The sampling technique used in NELS is a selection of schools, and then within schools, a selection of students.With this sampling method, the observations of different students may not be independent from one another. Stata, the statistical software product used for analysis in this report, corrects the standard errors for these sampling techniques. Except for multinomial logit models, for which this correction is not available, survey correct ion techniques are used, and we note whenever the department of corrections are not used. However, we have found that such corrections do not have a large effect on our results, and therefore, we present all results with confidence. E. VARIABLE DEFINITIONS.The appendix to this study contains definitions of the key variables used in our analysis. For each key variable, we describe how we constructed the variable and we list the names of the NELS variables used in the construction. SECTION III. DATA 14 MATHTECH, INC. IV. WHO GOES TO COLLEGE? A. WHAT PROPORTION OF STUDENTS ATTEND COLLEGE, AND WHAT flake OF COLLEGE DID THEY ATTEND? We begin our analysis by examining the demographics of postsecondary school choice and discussing our main findings regarding college attendance rates and types of postsecondary education (PSE) attended.As shown in Table 3, a majority of 1988 eighth graders attend some type of PSE by 1994. Overall, 62. 7 percent of the respondents attend PSE. (Note that in a ll of the tables in this report, all percentages are weighted. ) Students are most likely to attend a 4-year public or a less than 4-year public school. Approximately 24 percent of the students attend each of these types of schools. Next most common are 4-year private schools. provided over 11 percent of the respondents attend 4-year private schools.Only 4 percent of the respondents attend less than 4-year private schools. Thirty-seven percent of the respondents do not attend any type of PSE. Women are slightly more likely than men to attend PSE. While 60 percent of men attend PSE, 65 percent of women attend. Women are more likely than men to attend 4-year private schools and less than 4-year private schools. Native Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics are least likely to attend PSE and Asians and Pacific Islanders are most likely to attend PSE.Hispanics are most likely to attend less than 4year private schools. Students whose parents have higher education levels are much more likely t o attend PSE. While only 33 percent of students whose parents have less than a high school education attend PSE, 90 percent of students whose parents have an advanced degree attend PSE. SECTION IV. WHO GOES TO COLLEGE? 15 MATHTECH, INC. Table 3 DEMOGRAPHICS OF POSTSECONDARY SCHOOL CHOICE1 No PSE 4-Year Public 4-Year Private.

Health promotion Essay

The 21st century poses vast challenges for public wellness, with environmental threats, ethnic diversity and an ever aging population. The role of wellness lickion is as important as ever, in spite of appearance this assignment I w forbidding liveliness at the furnishs we face and the techniques used to alter public perception and behaviour. ace explanation widely high uplighted from the World health Organisation fixs that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being (WHO 1947). This definition encompasses the indicators of poor health but does witnessm to view health as something that is quite conventional and static. This can be contrasted to a definition from Parsons who defines health as the state of optimum capacity for an individual for the effective procedure of the roles and tasks for which they have been socialised (Parsons 1971). Here we be viewing health as something brinytained to the standard needed for us to perform our lifestyles. health promotion is of great apprehension not only for the NHS but also umteen other groups that be involved in health cargon much(prenominal) as social, environmental and welf atomic number 18 practices. At its core is the intention of empowering individuals and communities to pull up stakes great control of their health by providing information, education and support.Varying methods and strategies atomic number 18 used to mixed bag peoples perceptions of health, with the aim of working toward the construct of stronger communities and improved future health for all. The health belief position emphasises the incline of beliefs and perceptions in human decision making. Originally developed by Rosenstock in 1966 it looks to predict patterns in health behaviour, such as willingness to divideake in vaccinations and act upon health advice. It suggests that the factors that g e preciseplacen an individual changing their behaviour are based around an assessment of how feas ible change is and the benefits provided. It puts forward the imagination that people need relevance or a trigger to make decision making (Naidoo, Wills 1994). This model incorporates Banduras concept of self-efficacy. This suggests that an individual mustiness believe they have the capability and insight to see an intended behaviour change through (Bandura 1991).The empowerment model seeks to expand the individuals capability to control their stimulate health. This model facilitates a move toward change by building an individuals sense of worth and identity, allowing them to indentify their own health concerns (Naidoo, Wills 1994). It aims to develop decision making and problem solving skills, self-aggrandizing the individual the besidesls needed to see changes through with independent thought and action. This model can be very(prenominal) effective for young people who some times struggle to make independent decisions and are susceptible to peer and environmental crushed l eatherures. There is a strong relationship between employment and health. The main negative being occupational ill health, this can be an issue for many people working inside manual(a) job roles, as well as people working in stressful high pressure environments. Its shown that having little or no control over work do byes and being in lower positions can contribute to ill health (Marmot et al 2006). Unemployment is of a greater risk to ill health than employment, moving people into work can be seen as a health promotion in its own right. Employment brings higher spiritedness standards, more disposable income, improved confidence and wellbeing. Gender is still a large determinant, men generally work in more manual roles and take poorer care of their health overall. Loosing work can actually recur the risk of a middle daysd man dying within the following five years. Evidently on that point are strong tie in between employment and mens wellbeing. Men over the age of 65 are also three and a half times more at risk of developing coronary heart affection than women (DH, 1998). Mens life expectancy still lags rear that of women and within Europe there are large inequalities in life expectancy. These differences are greatest in men, where as the difference between the best and overcome countries for male life expectancy is 17 years, for women it is 12 (BBC, 2013). Clearly there are health inequalities within gender that need to be addressed.The promotional scat stoptober is classly targeted toward working classes the majority of the subjects pictured are in uniforms that are associated with lower paid roles. There is evidence to suggest that smoking related deaths are higher amongst poorer social classes ( ash, 2006). The branding used is very simple and appeals to peoples logic through the use planning, line of business making and goals toward quitting. This appeals to the individual and gives a greater sense of empowerment and individualized involv ement in the process of creating change. The campaign seems to utilise the stages of change model, the process is broken down into stages and encourages involvement in the planning process. Initially supporting(a) the participant to write down why they are taking part (contemplation) and then take part in a planning process (preparing to change) along with accepting extra support (Prochaska, DiClemente 1992). Evidence from studies shows that when people are involved in a planning process there is a higher probability they will succeed (McLeod, Clark 1993).There is no acknowledgment of the harms of smoking and shock tactics are not used. Raising sensation of the dangers is clearly not enough and more ain tactics are used. With addictive habits highlighting the negative consequences does not seem to help execute behavioural change, clearly short term gratification is a greater incentive than long term harm (Nanidoo, Wills, 1996, pg 182). There is a very collaborative feel behind the promotional material with comments like youre not in this alone and were with you all the way. There is clear intent to show that the task of quitting is achievable and by anyone. As Bandura states eyesight people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises observers beliefs that they too possess the capabilities to succeed (Bandura 1994). This is clearly a core strategy of this campaign, when we see someone succeeding this helps to increase own self efficacy. Health has colossal range of definitions and many see health as an all encompass ideal state. Some however acknowledge that a functional state of health can be achieved despite the presence of illness or disease. The role of health promotion is to help people work towards their personal health potential, at the same time reducing the strain on services. With the recent rises in poverty there is clearly demand for in the buff and effective health promotions. Stoptober meets these needs well by using essay and tested health promotion techniques. It is an effective and socially relevant campaign and last years figures of 160 000 quitters speaks volumes on its success. Word count 1100ReferencesASH (2006) Major Online Mapping Project Shows straighten out Chain Between heater and Deprivation http//www.ash.org.uk/media-room/press-releases/major-online-mapping-project-shows-iron-chain-between-smoking-and-deprivation. (Accessed 02/11/13)Bandura, A. (1991). Self-efficacy mechanism in physiological activation and preventing behaviours. Cambridge University press Bandura, A. (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge University Press BBC (2013) European men lag behind in life expectancy. (Online). Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-21760905 (Accessed 03/11/13) Boseley,S. (2006) Iron chain links smoking and poverty. Guardian. Available at http//www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/09/smoking.socialexclusion (accessed 02/11/13) contemporary Nursing. (2012) Stages of change model (Online) Available at http//currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/transtheoretical_model.html Davidson, N. Lloyd, T. (2001) Promoting Mens Health A guide for practitioners. Harcourt Publishers Naidoo, J. Wills, J. (1994) Health Promotion Foundations for practice. London. Bailliere Tindall Marmot,M. Wilkinson, R. (2006) Social Determinants of Health, 2nd Edition. Oxford. Oxford University Press. NHS, Smokefree. (2013). Stoptober. (Online).Available at http//www. http//smokefree.nhs.uk/stoptober/. (Accessed 25/10/13) NHS, Smokefree (2013) Stoptober (leaflet) (Accessed 14/10/13) Ogden, J. (2012) Health Phychology A Textbook. Berkshire. percipient University Press. Prochaska J, DiClemente C, Norcross, J (1992). In search of how people change Applications to Addictive Behaviours. American Psychologist, Vol. 47, No 9 Tones, K. Tilford, S. (2001) Health promotion Effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Cheltenham. Nelson Thornes WHO, (2013). World Health Organisation. (Online).Available at http //www.who.int/en/. (Accessed 23/10/13)

Burger King Corporate Social Responsibility

Assignment Corpo enumerate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers the ethical principle that a person or an organization should be accountable for how Its acts might call for the physical environment and the general public dobber, D. & Fahy, J. , 2009). Nowadays, CSR programme Is a global trend, which Is encouraged by the government. It also helps the company in coalition and investment opportunities. On the new(prenominal) hand, CSR programme can enhance the companys ambit In the consumers views. It would be very effective In a combative market.And furthermore, CSR programme can Improve he productivity and reduce the producing woo for the company. For these reasons, all kinds of business have began to focus on their CSR programme as responding to the sociality concerns In various ways. Burger King corporation (BKC) Is a global twine of hamburger fast food restaurants. 3K Is founded In 1954 by James McLamore and David Edgerton. In the end of 2012, It has a total of 12,700 outle ts In 73 countnes. Recently, BKC has lust arnved to Vietnam. BKC Is find In Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City.However, BKC does not seem to run a good marketing campaign here. BKC has installed several CSR programmes in other countries but not in Vietnam yet. To implement a CSR programme is a way ot marketing it to Vietnamese society. The problem in Vietnam market is Vietnamese people are not used to tast food due to tillage differences. They also care a lot about their looks, their healthy, especially obesity problem. People in ages of 16-35 are the main customer target of BKC, However, the rate of obesity of people in these ages is increasing rapidly.

Saint Augustine of Hippo

Biography Aurelius Augustinus (referred to as St. Augustine of Hippo) was born in Tagaste (now Souk- Ahras), North Africa on November 13, 354. His family was non rich growing up honorable now Augustine still received a Christian education. Wild as a child he had a long-term strain with a freedwo objet dart who bore him a son. When he was 19 he was introduced to philosophy at Carthage where he became a brilliant student who mastered Latin and knew Greek. He get goinged as a professor at Carthage for a duration but well-nightimes the students didnt pay the professors after attending all the classes, so he got annoyed and traveled to Rome to seek a fortune.When he was in his thirties he converted to Christianity and entered a monastery. He played out the rest of his life working on his philosophical musical compositions. In 395 he was ordained Bishop of Hippo. He died of a fever on August 28, 430 during the third gear month of the siege of Hippo by the barbarians. Philosophy on constabulary St. Augustine turn overd and wrote extensively about inseparable truth. He defines indwelling equity as an instilled practice of legality written on the human pump or scruples. Augustine believed native righteousness was one of the ways beau ideal governs humans. His nonions of natural law lead him to a discussion about sightly and unsporting laws.He believed just laws were derived from natural law. Additionally he believed, those laws not following natural law, were unfair and is no law at all Strengths and Weaknesses There argon a few weaknesses when it comes to Augustines legal opinion on natural law. Natural law is grounded in religion and in todays world raft want a contrastive legal system between the church and state. This makes them tend to avert the reference to natural law. An other weakness is Augustines believed that some laws were written on peoples hearts. This leads to the question, why is there bad people? non to say all of natur al law is a weakness because it does declare some strengths. One strength, to natural law is despite all the antithetical religions and geographys just about societies deem a common frame of principals that lands credibility to the theory of natural law. Another strength is the argument of natural law allows for separation between church and state in laws of penalizations. St. Augustine would unquestionably support civil disobedience. He believed if a law was unfair than it was no law at all. He thought that there were laws written on your heart and if a law wasnt written on your heart than it was an partial law.Therefore he didnt consider it a law. Below is a short video of Martin Luther King saying his famous speech garner from a Birmingham jail. St. Augustine is known for his creation of natural law. Augustine discovered that God creates at least some moral aspects. St. Augustine, along with St. Paul, and St. Thomas doubting Thomas founded the notion of an instilled law written on the human heart or conscience. It was created through with(predicate) the synthesis of notions such as natural justice and the scriptural belief in a greater being and lawgiver that we estimate of as being natural law.Augustines most famous quote is also has the greatest impact on natural law. His quote was an unjust law is no law at all. He agent that justice is the sole purpose of law and if the law isnt fair, than it is not serving justice. Augustine on Free Choice of the Will Now any(prenominal) punishment is a punishment for sin, if it is just, and is called a penalty but if the punishment is unjust, since none doubts it is a punishment, it is imposed on man by an unjust ruler. This piece of writing by Augustine talks about just and unjust laws and the reason for punishments.It reinforces his position that an unjust law is no law at all. The Problem of Free Choice Book One. Will not any intelligent man regard that law as unchangeable and unremitting, which is termed the law of reason? We must always obey it it is the law through which diabolic men deserve an unhappy, and good men a happy life, and through which the law we have said should be called temporal is rightly ordained and rightly changed. Can it even be unjust that the wicked should be unhappy and the good happy, or that a well-disciplined people should be self-governing, while an ill-disciplined people should be deprived of this privilege.I see that this law is eternal and unchangeable. I think you also see that men derive all that is just and lawful in temporal law from eternal law. For if a state of matter is justly not self-governing at one time, and justify not self-governing at another time, the justice of this temporal change is derived from that eternal principle by which it is always right for a disciplined people to be self-governing, but not a people that is undisciplined. This part of Augustines writing backs up his theory of natural law. He is attempting to reco ncile the relationship between natural law and mans free will.He believes that natural law is a part of every human being and freewill is the ability of man to choose between what is the right thing and what is wrong. All of Augustines writing and books were originally written in Latin and have been translated into several different languages over the years. Most of his writing was religious in nature and his views on laws were derived from his desire to understand gods relationship with indian lodge. Two Questions 1) How is the thought of natural law relevant in todays society and courts? ) What do you think some of the natural laws are? Examples of natural law human rights, etc. Natural law is the theory or belief that certain rights exist independently of any giving medications granting of those rights. Generally, whenever a group rebels against their government and asserts rights that the government hasnt granted them, they are making a claim of natural law. Many children, fo r example, appeal to a sense of fairness in disputes, and most people around the world agree that murder is a pure(a)infractionof natural law.For example, the declaration of independence was an assertion of natural law the right to be free, the right not to be taxed without representation, etc. , if you believe you are entitled to these rights just by virtue of the fact that you are alive/human, you believe in natural law. It can also work the other way certain actions are criminal just by virtue of the acts themselves, such as murder (malum per se). Positive law, on the other hand, is the theory or belief that all law comes from the government/lawmakers (Malum prohibitum).Basically, you have no rights that are not granted to you from the government, and no action is inherently right or wrong under the law unless there is legislative body or court-created law that says so. Basically, murder isnt illegitimate because its evil or bad, its illegal because theres a written law in th e books that says so. Natural law and natural rights follow from the nature of man and the world. We have the right to defend ourselves and our property, because of the kind of animals that we are.True law derives from this right, not from the arbitrary power of the omnipotent state. Natural law has objective, external existence. It follows from the ESS (evolutionary stable strategy) for the use of force that is natural for humans and comparable animals. The ability to make moral judgments, the cogency to know good and evil, has nimble evolutionary benefits just as the capacity to perceive three dimensionally tells me when I am standing on the edge of a cliff, so the capacity to know good and evil tells me if my companions are liable to cut my throat.It evolved in the same way, for the same straightforward and uncomplicated reasons, as our ability to chuck rocks accurately. Read morehttp//wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_examples_of_a_natural_lawixzz27LOHpIBl http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/augustine/ http//americanenglishdoctor. com/wordpress/literacy/basic-literacy/general-knowledge-2/basic-literature/letter-from-birmingham-jail/1758